STYLE   BOOK 


& 


ERNING    THE  STYLE    USED    IN  L^  « ' 

SETTING    THE    PUBLICATIONS 
OF  THE   H.  W.  WILSON  COMPANY 


A    COMPILATION    OF    RULES    GOV-  J    /'    i  ) 


THE  H.  W.  WILSON   COMPANY 

NEW  YORK  CITY 

1921 


LIBRARY 
SCHOOL 


Published  September,   1921 
Printed  in  the  United  Stales  of  Ameri< 


STYLE   BOOK 

PREFACE 


This  second  edition  of  the  Style  Book  is  offered  as 
the  resuh  of  cooperative  effort  on  the  part  of  the  editors 
of  the  various  pnbhcations  issued  by  the  company  and  also 
of  the  proofreading  department.  It  is  intended  as  a 
guide  in  matters  of  style  and  make-up  on  all  the  publica- 
tions, and  should  be  followed,  except  where  special  direc- 
tions are  given. 

It  is  not  to  be  expected  that  this  Style  Book  will  be 
free  from  errors  and  omissions.  Doubtless  many  points 
will  arise  from  time  to  time  which  have  not  been  covered 
and  which  will  need  to  be  defined  and  set  down  for  future 
editions.  It  has  not  been  possible  to  include  many  specific 
examples  of  usages  decided  upon.  For  this  reason  every 
left-hand  page  has  been  left  blank  for  corrections  and 
additions. 

A  brief  section  on  Alphabeting  has  been  included  in 
the  new  edition  of  this  style  book.  In  the  main  the  ''Rules 
for  Filing  Cards"  prepared  by  the  Carnegie  Library  of 
Pittsburgh  will  be  used  as  a  guide,  and  this  section  serves 
principally  to  call  attention  to  the  deviations  to  be  made 
from  the  Pittsburgh  rules. 

Where  special  rules  of  style  exist  in  typewritten  form 
for  a  particular  publication  or  groups  of  publications, 
such  as  the  Public  Affairs  Information  Service,  or  the 
Handbook  Series,  they  have  not  been  incorporated  in 
this  style  book.  Copies  of  these  special  rules  may  be 
consulted  if  occasion  arises,  on  application  to  the  editors 
in  charge  of  these  publications. 

June  30,  1921. 

":»  V-  5v  X  i.  J 


STYLE    BOOK 


A  COMPILATION  OF  RULES  GOV- 
ERNING  THE  STYLE  USED  IN 
SETTING  THE  PUBLICATIONS 
OF    THE    H.  W.  WILSON  COMPANY 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

Abbreviations 3 

Accents,   Diphthongs,   etc.ii 

Alphabeting    13 

Articles    19 

Boldface    19 

Capitalization 21 

Compound  Words   41 

Division  of  Words   45 

Footnotes 55 

Geographic  Names    55 

Indentions.       See      Spacing, 
Indentions,  etc. 

Italics  57 

Leading.    See  Make-up 

Make-up 59 


PAGE 

Names.      See    Geographic 
Names,    Personal   Names 

Numerals 61 

Paging,  Date  and  Volume 
References    65 

Personal  Names  65 

Pseudonyms.     See    Personal 

Names 

Punctuation    69 

Quoted  Matter 73 

Spacing,   Indentions^  etc 75 

Spelling   75 

States,     Names    of.      See 
Abbreviations 

Type.     See  Boldface.    Italics 

Titles  of  Honor 79 


STYLE   BOOK 

ABBREVIATIONS 

Omit  period  after  abbreviations  in  collations,  i.e.  that  part 
of  a  magazine  entry  other  than  the  author's  name  and  the  title 
of  the  article;  or  that  part  of  a  book  entry  other  than  the 
author's  name,  the  title  of  the  book  and  the  publisher.  Omit 
period  after  "Mr"  "Mrs"  "St"  and  "Dr",  and  the  French 
equivalents  "M"  "Mme"  and  "Mile".  In  all  other  cases  fol- 
low an  abbreviation  by  a  period.  Exception :  always  follow 
abbreviation  by  a  period  in  the  Handbooks  and  the  Study  Out- 
lines. 

Never  divide  abbreviations. 

Omit  the  space  between  two  abbreviated  words  making  one 
abbreviation:  i.e.,  not  i.  e.;  Ph.D.,  not  Ph.  D.,  also  N.Y.,  U.S., 
P.A.i:S.,  Y.M.C.A. 

4to,  8vo,  i2mo,  i6mo  are  not  abbreviations. 
Never   begin  sentence  with  an  abbreviation,   except  in  bib- 
liographical references. 

See  also  Abbreviations  under  the  general  section  Alpha- 
beting. 

Choosing  Abbreviations 

In  adopting  abbreviations  for  bibUographical  references  and 
formal  lists  use  as  authorities  A.L.A.  and  Cutter's  rules,  and 
Webster's  dictionary. 

For  abbreviations  of  publications  indexed,  do  not  distort 
name;  adopt  abbreviations  that  will  make  name  recognizable 
without  referring  to  list  of  abbreviations.     Omit  periods. 

Use  com.  for  committee,  comm.  for  commission,  and 
comr.  for  commissioner. 

Use  bur.  for  bureau. 


ABBREVIATIONS  5 

Bible,  Books  of 

In   Scripture   references   citing  chapters   and   verse    use   the 
following : 

Old   Testament 


Gen. 

I  Kings 

Eccles. 

Obad. 

Exod. 

2  Kings 

Song  of  Sol.         Jonah 

Lev. 

I  Chron. 

Isa. 

Mic. 

Num. 

2  Chron. 

Jer. 

Nahum 

Deut. 

Ezra 

Lam. 

Hab. 

Joshua 

Neh. 

Ezek 

Zeph. 

Judges 

Esther 

Dan. 

Hag. 

Ruth 

Job 

Hos. 

Zech. 

I  Sam. 

Ps. 

Joel 

Mai. 

2  Sam. 

Prov. 

Amos 

New 

Testament 

Matt 

2  Cor. 

I  Tim. 

2  Pet. 

Mark 

Gal. 

2  Tim. 

I  John 

Luke 

Eph. 

Titus 

2  John 

John 

Phil. 

Philem. 

3  John 

Acts 

Col. 

Heb. 

Jude 

Rom. 

I  Thess. 

Jas. 

Rev. 

I  Cor. 

2  Thess. 

I  Pet. 

Apocrypha 

I  Esdras 

Wisd.  of  Sol. 

Bel  and  Dragon 

2  Esdras 

Ecclus. 

Pr.  of  Manasses 

Tobit 

Baruch 

I  Mace. 

Judith 

Song  of  three  childr. 

2  Mace. 

Rest  of  Esther 

Susanna 

I 

Christian  names 

Spell  out   Christian  names,   except   where  initials  only  are 
given.     Alf,   Sam,   Fred,  Alex   are  not  abbreviations. 

Compass  directions 

N.,  E.,  S.,  W.,  SE,  NNW.,  SW. 


Contractions 

Omit  apostrophe  in  such  contractions  as  assn,  comr,  mfg, 
bldg,  ptg,  etc.    Avoid  contractions  whenever  possible. 


ABBREVIATIONS  7 

Degrees 

When  degrees,  minutes,  etc.,  are  expressed  in  figures  use 
symbols  °  '  " .  Use  per  cent,  never  %,  except  in  tables,  and 
in  bibliographical  reference  when  the  sign  occurs  in  a  title. 

Firm  names 

In  bibliographical  references  abbreviate  and  lower  case 
"co."  In  subject  headings  lower  case  company  but  follow 
the  usage  of  the  firm  as  to  abbreviation.  In  directories  ab- 
breviate and  capitalize. 

Measures.  See  Weights  and  measures 

Money 

English  money  £3  4s,  6d. 

Omit  periods  in  bibliographical  references. 

Months 

In  collations  use  A.  L.  A.  abbreviations  for  months  as 
follows:  Ja.,  F,  Mr.,  Ap.,  My.,  Je.,  Jl.,  Ag.,  S.,  O.,  N.,  D.  In 
other  bibliographical  references  use  the  following: 

Jan.  April  July  Oct. 

Feb.  May  Aug.  Nov. 

March  June  Sept.  Dec. 

Spell  out  months  in  straight  text  matter. 

Names 

See  Christian  names.  Firm  names,  States,  Names  of,  un- 
der the  general  section  Abbreviations. 

Ordinals 

Use  1st,  2d,  3d,  4th— not  2nd,  3rd.  These  should  not  be 
followed  by  periods. 

Use  Henry  VIII,  Henry  the  Eighth,  never  Henry  the 
VIII. 

Plurals 

Use  p  for  page  and  pages,  ms.  singular;  mss  plural.  In 
all  other  cases  add  s  to  abbreviations  for  plural  unless  pre- 
ceded by  a  number. 


ABBREVIATIONS  9 

See  page   11  under  weights  and  measures 
Saint,  Sainte 

Use  St  for  Saint  in  English  and  American  surnames, 
names  of  places,  churches,  etc.,  as  St  Paul,  St  John;  but  spell 
out  when  used  in  connection  with  French  proper  names,  as 
Saint  Jean,  Sainte  Beuve.  Do  not  abbreviate  when  name  is 
used  in  subject  headings  in  inverted  form,  as  Paul,  Saint. 


States,  Names  of 

When  city  or  other  geographical  name  is  followed  by  state 
use  the  following  abbreviations,  except  in  subject  headings,  when 
states  are  to  be  given  in  full: 


Ala.  for  Alabama. 

Ariz,  for  Arizona. 

Ark.  for  Arkansas. 

Cal.  for  California. 

Colo,  for  Colorado. 

Conn,  for  Connecticut. 

Del.  for  Delaware. 

D.C.  for  District  of  Columbia. 

Fla.  for  Florida. 

Ga.  for  Georgia. 

la.  for  Iowa. 

111.  for  Illinois. 

Ind.  for  Indiana. 

Ind.T.  for  Indian  Territory. 

(Now  Oklahoma.) 
Kan.  for  Kansas. 
Ky.  for  Kentucky. 
La.  for  Louisiana. 
Me.  for  Maine. 
Md.  for  Maryland. 
Mass.   for  Massachusetts. 
Mich,  for  Michigan. 
Minn,  for  Minnesota, 
Miss,  for  Mississippi. 
Mo.  for  Missouri. 
Mont,  for  Montana. 


Neb.  for  Nebraska. 
Nev.  for  Nevada. 
N.H.  for  New  Hampshire. 
N.J.  for  New  Jersey. 
N.Mex.  for  New  Mexico. 
N.Y.  for  New  York. 
N.C.  for  North  Carolina. 
N.D.  for  North  Dakota. 
O.  for  Ohio. 
Okla.  for  Oklahoma. 
Ore    for  Oregon. 
Pa.  for  Pennsylvania. 
P.I.  for  Philippine  Islands. 
P.R.  for  Porto  Rico. 
R.I.  for  Rhode  Island. 
S.C.  for  South  Carolina. 
S.D.  for  South  Dakota. 
Tenn.  for  Tennessee. 
Tex.  for  Texas. 
Vt.  for  Vermont. 
Va.  for  Virginia. 
Wash,  for  Washington. 
W.Va.  for  West  Virginia. 
Wis.  for  Wisconsin. 
Wyo.  for  Wyoming. 


Alaska,   Guam,   Hawaii,  Idaho,  Samoa,  and   Utah  should 
not  be  abbreviated. 


ABBREVIATIONS  II 

Streets  and  avenues 

In  publishers'  directories  and  formal  lists  abbreviate  street 
St,  and  avenue  Av,  omitting  period.  In  all  other  cases  spell 
out. 

Thermometers 

Use  F.,  C,  Cel.,  R.,  B.,  Twad. 

Time 

A.D.,  B.C.,  capitals;  a.m.,  p.m.,  lower  case. 
Place  A.D.  before  date  and  B.C.  after  date. 

Titles,  Military  and  civil 

Abbreviate  military  and  civil  titles  preceding  full  name,  as: 
Dr  J.  C.  Brown,  Lieut.  John  Smith;  but  Doctor  Brown,  Lieu- 
tenant Smith.     Omit  period  after  "Mr,"  "Mrs,"  "Sf'and  "Dr." 

United  States 

Spell  out  United  States  in  subject  headings,  and  elsewhere 
except  in  naval  and  military  titles  and  bibliographical  refer- 
ences 

Weights  and  measures 

Use  lb.,  oz.,  for  both  singular  and  plural. 
Metric  system :  cc.  mm.  kg. 


ACCENTS,  DIPHTHONGS,  ETC. 

Accent  all  foreign  words,  except  those  that  have  become 
anglicized.    When  in  doubt,  follow  Webster. 

Omit  accents  and  hyphens  in  words  like  cooperate,  aerate, 
etc. 

Supply  accents  in  titles  of  books,  articles,  etc.,  if  they  have 
been  omitted  in  original  because  display  type  was  used. 

Omit  all   accents   over   capital   letters. 

Do  not  use  digraphs,  ae,  oe,  except  in  titles  quoted  verba- 
tim.   In  Latin  words  use  ae  oe;  in  English  words  e  only. 


13 


ALPHABETING 

Follow  the  Pittsburgh  "Rules  for  Filing  Cards"  with  the 
following  exceptions  and  additions. 

Page  numbers  refer  to  the  Pittsburgh  "Rules." 

Abbreviations 

"Mr"  and  "Mrs"  to  be  arranged  as  if  spelled  out. 
Abbreviations  in  Publishers*  Directory  and  Lists  of  peri- 
odicals to  be  alphabeted  as  they  stand. 

Anonymous  books 

I  accuse,  Author  of 

The  crime. 
I  accuse;  by  a  German. 

Author  arrangement 

1.  Author's  complete  or  nearly  complete  works. 
"Poems"  and  "Poetical"  works  are  alphabeted  with  the 
titles  of  single  works  unless  the  collection  comprises  the 
complete  or  nearly  complete  works  of  the  author. 

2.  Extracts  from  complete   works. 

Selections  are  filed  with  single  works  when  there  are 
few  entries  under  the  author's  name. 

3.  Single  works  written,  translated,  compiled  or  edited  by 
him  alone. 

Translation  of  an  author's  work  is  arranged  after  the 
title  of  the  original  work. 

Works  about  a  single  book  are  also  placed  after  the 
title  of  the  book  except  that  in  the  Readers'  Guide  the 
criticisms  of  single  dramas  are  arranged  in  (s)  with  works 
about  the  author. 

4.  "See"  References   (editor,  joint  author,  and  translator.) 

5.  Works  about  the  author. 

6.  Works  written  in  conjunction  with  others. 

— "and  others"  should  come  after  other  joint  author  en- 
tries. 


ALPHABETING  15 

Bible 

I.  In  arranging  books  about  the  Bible,  miscellaneous  ma- 
terial is  put  first  without  a  specific  subhead. 
II.  Old  Testament.  Arrange  collections  as  follows:  Hexa- 
teuch,  Pentateuch,  Historical  Books,  Prophetical  Books, 
Minor  Prophets.  Selections  from  a  collection  are 
placed  after  the  name  of  the  collection.  Selections 
from  a  single  book  are  placed  after  the  name  of  the 
book. 
III.  New  Testament.  Arrange  collections  before  single 
books:  Gospels,  Gospels — Selections,  About  the  Gos- 
pels; Epistles,  Epistles — Selections,  About  the  Epistles; 
Single  books. 

Excerpts 

Excerpts  are  alphabeted  immediately  after  the  original 
work. 

Geographical  names  (p  15) 

Exception.  Arrange:  New  York  (city),  New  York 
(county).  New  York   (state). 

Joint  author.    See  Author  arrangement. 

Numerals 

Alphabet  numerals  over  1000  according  to  the  usage  in 
pronouncing,  e.g.,  $2500  houses — alphabet  as  if  spelled  out, 
Twenty-five  hundred;  1623  examples — alphabet  as  if  spelled 
out,  one   thousand  six  hundred  twenty-three. 

Personal  names  (p  20) 

Alphabet   Lloyd   family   after   Lloyd   George,    David. 

Place  etc.  (p  22) 

Arrange  San  Francisco,  San  Diego,  etc.,  as  one  word. 


ALPHABETING  i? 

Place  (country,  state,  city)   (p  22  addition) 

Arrange  Government  bureaus  and  offices  subordinate  to 
a  department  under  their  own  names  (preceded  by  or  as  a 
subhead  under  the  name  of  the  country,  state,  or  city) 
rather  than  under  the  name  of  the  department.  Invert  the 
first  part  of  the  name  when  necessary  in  order  that  the  im- 
portant words  may  come  first,  e.g.,  United  States.  Standards 
Bureau  of. 


Place  (country,  state,  city)   (p  23) 

2.  Arrange  works  about  a  particular  publishing  depart- 
ment of  a  government  immediately  after  the  works  by  this 
department,  i.e.,  arrange  them  in  the  author  alphabet  rather 
than  in  the  subject  alphabet.  This  applies  only  to  the  C.  B.  I. 
since  the  periodical  indexes  do  not  enter  government  bodies 
as  authors. 


Place  (country,  state,  city)  (p  24)  "^ .' 

In  filing  cards  under  New^  York,  arrange 

1.  New  York  (city)  first  by  author,  second  by  subject,  third 
by  title  or  association. 

2.  New  York  (colony). 

3.  New  York  (county). 

4.  New   York    (state)    first   by   author,   second  by   subject, 
third  by  title  or  association. 

5.  New  York  as  title  or  association  without  state  or  city 
following   or   inserted. 


Shakespeare  (p  26  addition) 

Arrange  Selections  after  Collected  works. 

Subject  (as  subhead) 

File  inverted  headings  as  Chemistry,  Medical  after  Chem- 
istry— Tables,  and  before  a  title,  Chemistry  and  physics. 


ALPHABETING  19 

Titles   (p  29  addition) 

Identical  titles  followed  by  initials  of  authors'  names  are 
to  be  alphabeted  according  to  the  surname.  This  applies 
to  the  periodical  indexes. 

Initials  of  names  occurring  in  titles  are  to  be  regarded 
in  alphabeting. 

Translations  (p  30) 

Translations  are  alphabeted  immediately  after  the  orig- 
inal work. 


ARTICLES 

For  list  of  articles  in  foreign  languages  consult  Pitts- 
burgh Rules  for  Filing  Cards,  2d  ed  p  7. 

In  bibliographical  references  omit  definite  and  indefinite 
articles  at  beginning  of  title,  except  when  necessary  to  the 
sense.  When  the  article  is  used  let  it  stand  first  but  ignore 
it  in  alphabeting.  In  the  case  of  titles  in  foreign  languages 
or  the  Middle  English  ye  the  articles  should  be  retained. 

See  also  Boldface. 


BOLDFACE 

In  Cumulative  Book  Index,  Readers'  Guide,  International 
Index,  Digest  subject  index.  Fiction  Catalogs,  Agricultural 
Index,  and  Industrial  Arts  Index  set  both  members  of  a  com- 
pound word  in  boldface,  but  alphabet  according  to  first  word 
only. 

Set  in  boldface  two  or  more  words  forming  one  place 
name,  as  New  York,  not  New  York;  but  Mr  Brown,  not  Mr 
Brown. 

Initial  articles  of  foreign  titles  are  retained  in  title  entries, 
printed  in  roman  and  the  word  following  printed  in  boldface. 


BOLDFACE  21 

Set  main  head  only  in  boldface.    Roman  after  See,  as: 
Jones,  John.     See  Brown,  James. 

Set  *'pseud."  in  boldface  if  matter  following  it  is  bold- 
face, otherwise  roman. 

Set  figures  in  subject  entries  and  headings  that  are  part 
of  name  in  boldface,  as:  Class  of  1907;  War  of  1812;  but 
European  War,  1914-.  This  principle  also  applies  to  italic 
subheads. 


CAPITALIZATION 

Academic  degrees  and  terms 

Capitalize  academic  degrees  and  titles:  Ph.D.,  LL.D., 
F.R.G.S.,  but  doctor  of  philosophy,  fellow  of  the  Royal 
geographical  society,  doctor's  degree,  bachelor's  hood,  a 
freshman. 


Art  terms 

Lower  case  schools  of  art:  cubism,  post-impressionism;  but 
Preraphaelitisra 


Articles,  Initial 

In  the  titles  of  anonymous  books  the  word  following  an 
initial  article  is  not  capitalized,  but  is  printed  in  bold- 
faced type. 

See   also   Titles    of   books    and   periodicals   under   the 
general   section  Capitalization. 
The  when  a  part  of  a  place  name  is  to  be  capitalized:  The 
Hague,  The  Dalles  (Oregon) 


Astronomical  bodies 

Capitalize  names  of  astronomical  bodies:  Milky  way,  Sat- 
urn, Pleiades,  Great  Bear. 


CAPITALIZATION  23 

Bible  and  other  sacred  books 

Capitalize  names  of  the  Bible  and  other  sacred  books: 
Scriptures,  Holy  Writ,  Holy  Scriptures,  Book  of  books, 
Koran,  Vedas,  Upanishads,  Apocrypha;  but  biblical, 
scriptural,  vedic,  talmudic,  apocryphal. 

Capitalize  names  of  the  books  and  parts  of  the  Bible:  Pen- 
tateuch, Exodus,  Book  of  Job,  Gospel  of  Luke,  Acts  of 
the  apostles.  Epistle  to  the  Romans,  Apocalypse,  Lord's 
prayer.  Commandments,  Ten  commandments.  Old  Testa- 
ment, Beatitudes,  Fourth  Gospel,  Sermon  on  the  mount; 
but  prophets,  minor  prophets,  synoptic  gospels,  pastoral 
epistles. 

Lower  case  English  versions  of  the  Bible:  authorized  ver- 
sion, revised  version,  King  James  version;  but  Vulgate, 
Douay. 

Books,  Titles  of.    See  Titles  of  books  and  periodicals  under 
the  general   section   Capitalization. 

Buildings 

In  names  of  buildings,  etc.,  capitalize  both  parts  of  the 
name  except  where  the  second  part  is  distinctly  a  gen- 
eric term:  White  House,  Covent  Garden,  Eaton  Hall, 
Castle  Garden,  Drury  Lane:  but  McAlpin  hotel.  Citizens' 
bank,  Orthopedic  hospital,  Woolworth  building.  Monad- 
nock  block.  Peace  monument,  Capitol, 
In  foreign  languages  follow  local  usage:  I'Hotel  de  ville, 
tour  des  Ventes, 

Church  Fathers 

Capitalize  "Fathers,"  meaning  church  Fathers:  The  early 
Fathers. 

Churches  and  schools  of  philosophy,  etc. 

Capitalize  nationally  organized  churches  and  names  of 
churches:  Church  of  Rome,  Church  of  England,  Church 
of  the  Redeemer,  St.  Paul's  church,  Roman  Catholic 
church,  Christendom;  but  the  church  (organized  Chris- 
tianity), state  church,  established  church. 


CAPITALIZATION  25 

Capitalize  names  of  religious  denominations  or  sects,  phil- 
osophical schools  and  their  adherents:  Christian,  Protes- 
tantism, Evangelical  Lutheran,  Catholic,  Reformed, 
Greek,  Methodism,  Christian  science,  Neoplatonist,  The- 
osophist,  Jew,  Epicurean,  Stoic,  Gnosticism,  Protestant 
Episcopal  church,  Methodist  Episcopal  church;  Salvation 
army;  but  lower  case  any  form  of  these  names  used 
in  the  general  sense:  puritanical  ideas,  deist,  epicurean 
tastes,  stoic  endurance,  platonic  love.  Do  not  capitalize 
dervish  except  when  used  to  denote  a  follower  of  the 
religion. 

Civil  war  terms 

Capitalize  Union,  Confederate,  Rebel,  (adjectives),  Confed- 
erates, Rebels,  Yankees,  Dixie.  Do  not  capitalize  fed- 
eral, southern,  northern,  confederacy,  rebeldom.  Cap- 
italize union  (noun)  only  when  it  means  the  United 
States,  not  when  it  refers  to  union  of  the  states.  Civil 
war  period. 

Committees 

Capitalize  the  first  word  in  the  titles  of  committees  of  Con- 
gress and  independent  committees,  e.g.,  the  Committee 
of  forty-eight,  but  do  not  capitalize  committees  of  so- 
cieties. 

Compounds 

In  general,  the  second  half  of  a  compound  word  is  subject 
to  the  same  rules  that  govern  the  first  part:  Vice-Presi- 
dent Marshall,  Consul-General  Taylor,  but  the  governor- 
general,  a  lieutenant-colonel.    Exception:  President-elect. 

When  however  the  first  part  of  the  compound  is  a  regular 
prefix  as  ex,  ante,  trans,  etc.  the  second  part  alone  is 
capitalized:  ex-President  Cleveland,  trans-Siberian;  but 
transatlantic. 

When  two  names  in  a  foreign  language  are  connected  by 
a  hyphen  capitalize  both. 

Creeds  and  confessions  of  faith 
Follow  the  general  rule  for  documents:    Apostles'    creed, 
Augsburg  confession,  Thirty-nine  articles. 


CAPITALIZATION  27 

Days  and  months 

Capitalize  names  of  months,  days  of  week,  etc.,  in  English 
and  Dutch  only:  Saturday,  May,  but  samedi,  donnerstag, 


Deity 

Capitalize  nouns  and  adjectives  used  to  designate  God  or 
the  members  of  the  Christian  Trinity  and  all  pronouns 
referring  to  them  when  not  closely  preceded  or  fol- 
lowed by  a  distinctive  name:  the  Almighty,  the 
Absolute,  Father,  Son,  Holy  Ghost,  the  Spirit,  Savior, 
Messiah,  the  Logos,  King  of  kings,  Lord  of  lords,  Sacred 
heart;  but  (God's)  fatherhood,  (Jesus's)  sonship,  messiah- 
ship,  messianic  prophecies,  christological. 

Documents,  Treaties,  Bills,  etc. 

Capitalize  titles  of  treaties,  acts,  bills,  etc.:  Treaty  of  Ver- 
dun, Edict  .of  Nantes,  Declaration  of  independence.  Mag- 
na charta,  Corn  law^s,  Reform  bill.  Fourteenth  amend- 
ment, Peace  of  Utrecht.     Do  not  capitalize  constitution. 

Epithets 

Capitalize  epithets  used  as  substitutes  for  proper  names,  or 
affixed  to  a  name;  the  Pretender,  Richard  the  Lion- 
hearted,  Alexander  the  Great,  the  Black  Prince,  the  Great 
Elector. 

Explanatory  words 

Do  not  capitalize  an  explanatory  word  following  subject 
entry;  as  Cold  (disease). 

Fanciful  names 

Capitalize  all  arbitrary,  fanciful  or  otherwise  purely  indi- 
vidual epithets,  including  such  words  as  have  lost  their 
original  meaning:  Star  and  Garter  inn,  Court  of  Ayer  and 
Terminer,  Covent  Garden  (the  theater),  Inner  Temple, 
Tammany  Hall,  Boston  Common,  Old  Glory,  Round 
Table,  Black  Hand.     Exceptions :  fairyland,  Utopia. 


CAPITALIZATION  29 

Firm  names 

Capitalize  "Company,"  "Co.,"  "Inc.,"  "Ltd.,"  in  firm  names 
when  appearing  in  publisher's  directory,  or  lists  of  firm 
names;  but  lower  case  when  used  in  headings  or  as  a 
part  of  the  entry. 


French  names 

Capitalize  the  particles  'le,"  "la,"  "de,"  "du,"  when  not  pre- 
ceded by  a  Christian  name  or  title:  Le  Bossu,  La  Torre, 
La  Rochelle,  De  Coligny,  Du  Maurier;  but,  Rene  la 
Mossu,  Miguel  de  la  Torre,  Gaspard  de  Coligny,  Thomas 
d'Aubigne;  or,  Monsieur  de  la  Torre,  le  comte  de  Ne- 
mours, le  due  d'Orleans.  In  the  case  of  French  names 
,  that  have  been  anglicized  follow  the  author's  practice. 


Geographic  names 

(i)  In  compound  geographical  names  capitalize  both  parts 
of  the  name  except  when  the  last  part  of  the  name  is  a 
generic  term,  as  ocean,  bay,  sea,  river,  mountain,  sound, 
county:  Atlantic  ocean,  Baffin's  bay.  Cook  county,  Bronx 
river,  Northwest  territory;  but  Philippine  Islands,  Ha- 
waiian Islands,  Virgin  Islands,  Long  Island,  United 
States,  United  Kingdom,  Republic  of  the  United  States 
of  Brazil,  Confederate  States  of  America,  Great  Lakes, 
Holy  Land,  Holy  City,  Sleepy  Hollow,  Back  Bay, 
Spanish  Main,  Celestial  Empire,  Western  Reserve,  Re- 
publica  Mexicana, 

(2)  When,  however,  a  compound  geographical  name,  In- 
cluding the  generic  term,  is  used  adjectively  capitalize 
both  parts:  Mississippi  Valley  flora,  Rocky  Mountain 
goat,  South  Sea  islands. 

(3)  When  the  generic  word  precedes  and  does  not  form  an 
integral  part  of  the  commonly  used  form  of  the  name,  it 
is  not  to  be  capitalized:  borough  of  Manhattan,  city  of 
Boston. 


CAPITALIZATION  31 

(4)  Capitalize  designations  in  common  use  as  substitutes 
for  names  of  places,  and  the  terms  North,  East,  South, 
West,  etc.,  when  used  to  denote  a  definite  portion 
of  the  United  States;  the  Empire  state,  the  Middle  king- 
dom, la  terre  Jaune,  Middle  West,  I'empire  du  Milieu,  the 
West,  Far  East,  Old  Northwest,  East  side,  North  pole, 
the  Orient,  Keystone  state,  the  Union,  the  Republic 
(U.S.),  the  Pole,  the  Dominion,  Death  Valley;  but  arctic 
regions,  oriental  customs,  southern  states,  western  hemi- 
sphere, equator. 

(5)  In  names  of  streets,  avenues,  squares  and  similar  desig- 
nations the  generic  word  is  not  as  a  rule  to  be  capitalized: 
Madison  square,  Chicago  drainage  canal,  Brooklyn  bridge. 
When,  however,  the  name  is  used  figuratively  to  repre- 
sent something  that  the  place  stands  for,  both  parts  of 
the  name  are  to  be  capitalized:  Fleet  Street  (newspa- 
pers); Wall  Street  (finance);  Darning-needle  Street; 
Grub  Street,  Park  Row,  Chancery  Lane,  Back  Bay,  Main 
Street. 

See   also   Proper   adjectives   under  the   general   section 
Capitalization. 

Geological  epochs 

Lower  case  names  of  geological  ages  and  strata:  (cretace- 
ous, carboniferous,  tertiary,  mesozoic,  pleistocene)  except 
where  they  are  derived  from  place  names,  as  Cambrian, 
pre-Cambrian,  Ordovician,  Devonian,  Permian,  Jurassic, 
Laurentian  and  Silurian. 

German  nouns 

Lower  case  all  German  nouns  except  proper  names. 

Governmental  departments 

In  the  case  of  names  of  legislative,  judiciary  and  adminis- 
trative bodies  capitalize  the  first  word  when  name  ap- 
pears as  the  official  title:  Congress,  House  of  commons. 
House  of  representatives.  Supreme  court.  Parliament; 
Duma;  Reichstag;  Children's  bureau,  U.S.  Department  of 
state;  also  words  standing  instead  of  the  official  name 
of  a  body:  the  rulings  of  either  House;  but  lower  case 
when  used  in  a  general  sense:  national  assembly,  state 
legislature,  upper  house,  Dutch  diet,  the  department,  the 
board. 


CAPITALIZATION  33 

Greek  letter  societies 

Capitalize  the  first  word  only:  Sigma  phi,  Gamma  phi  beta. 

Historical  events  and  periods 

Lower  case  names  of  important  events:  revolution 
(French),  battle  of  Gettysburg,  Louisiana  purchase,  mid- 
dle ages,  crusades,  renaissance,  reformation,  inquisition, 
commonwealth  (Cromwell's),  commune  (Paris),  whisky 
insurrection. 

See  also  Wars  under  the  general  section  Capitalization. 

Historical  terms 

Capitalize  political  alliances,  and  such  terms  for  secular  or 
ecclesiastical  history  as  have  acquired  special  signifi- 
cance: Holy  alliance,  Triple  alliance,  the  Roses,  the 
Roundheads,  Central  powers,  Entente,  Little  entente. 

Holidays 

Capitalize  civic  and  ecclesiastical  feast  days:  Fourth  of 
July  (the  Fourth),  Labor  day,  Thanksgiving  day,  Easter 
Passover,  New  Year's  day. 

Languages 

Capitalize  names  of  languages  in  English  and  Dutch  only; 
French,  Maleisch,  but  frangais,  deutsch.  Exception: 
When  an  adjective  is  used  without  or  instead  of  the 
noun  to  signify  the  people,  it  should  be  capitalized  ex- 
cept In  Spanish,  Portuguese  and  the  Scandinavian  lan- 
guages, e.g.  les  Allemands,  les  Frangais. 

Manuscripts 

Capitalize  the  first  word  only,  as  Codex  alexandrinus.  Ex 
Codice  vaticano. 

Months.    See  Days  under  the  general  section  Capitalization. 

Number 

The  abbreviation  no.  followed  by  figures  should  be  lower 
case  in  bibliographical  references;  capitalize  otherwise. 


CAPITALIZATION  35 

Ordinals 

Capitalize  ordinals  used  to  designate  sessions  of  Con- 
gress, names  of  regiments:  Fifty-third  Congress,  Second 
Illinois  regiment;  but  eighteenth  dynasty,  twentieth  cen- 
tury. 

Organizations.    See  Societies  under  the  general  section  Capi- 
talization. 

Periodicals,  Titles  of.    See  Titles  of  books  and  periodicals 
under  the  general  section  Capitalization. 

Political  divisions 

Lower  case  numbered  political  divisions:  eleventh  congres- 
sional district,  first  ward,  second  precinct. 

Political  parties 

Capitalize  names  of  political  parties  and  their  adherents: 
Democratic  party,  Democrats,  Whigs,  Progressives, 
Bolshevist  or  Bolsheviki  (only  when  used  in  reference 
to  the  Bolshevist  party  of  Russia);  but  republican  form 
of  government,  single  taxer,  soviet,  bolshevism. 

Proper  adjectives 

Adjectives  derived  from  geographical  names  are  to  be  capi- 
talized in  English  and  Dutch  only:  the  Austrian  succes- 
sion, de  Indische  fabel;  but  rheinische  schifTahrt,  la  so- 
ciete  parisienne. 

Do  not  capitalize  geographical  adjectives  that  have  lost 
their  original  signification:  india  ink,  gum  arable,  roman 
numerals. 

Capitalize  the  German  indeclinable  adjectives  ending  in  en 
die  Xaunheimer  mundart. 

Capitalize  adjectives  used  alone  in  place  of  the  full  names 
of  buildings:  la  Vaticana,  la  Palatina. 

Adjectives  derived  from  names  of  persons,  unless  used  in  a 
generic  sense,  are  to  be  capitalized  in  English  and  Dutch. 
In  other  languages  follow  local  usage:  Machiavellian 
theories,  Riemannsch  oppervlak;  but  epicurean  tastes,  So- 
cieta  dantesca  italiana. 

See   also   Races  and  tribes   under   the   general   section 
Capitalization. 


CAPITALIZATION  37 

Quoted  matter 
Follow  original  copy  exactly,  including  capitalization. 

Races  and  tribes 

Capitalize  names  and  epithets  of  peoples,  races,  and  tribes: 
Kafir,  Hottentots,  Zulus,  Igorrotes,  Indians. 

Adjectives  used  substantively  to  denote  a  race  or  individual 
members  of  a  race  or  people  are  to  be  capitalized  in  the 
chief  European  languages,  exceptions  being  Spanish,  Por- 
tuguese, and  the  Scandinavian  languages:  the  English, 
une  Frangaise,  gli  Italiani;  but  los  espafioles,  danskerne, 
tyskarne. 

Religious  orders 

Capitalize  names  of  monastic  orders  and  their  members: 
Dominicans,  Jesuits,  Black  friars. 

Scientific  names 

Lower  case  names  of  botanical  and  zoological  families, 
genera  and  species:  vertebrata,  reptilia,  Crustacea,  crypt- 
ogamia,  filices,  diatomaceae  araucaria  brasiliensis,  porella 
platyphyla. 

Capitalize  name  of  discoverer  attached  to  name  of  species: 
diplodocus  Marsh. 

Societies 

Capitalize  the  first  word  of  the  official  title  of  social,  re- 
ligious, educational  and  industrial  organizations:  Univer- 
sity club,  Young  people's  society  of  Christian  endeavor. 
Associated  charities,  Red  cross,  Smithsonian  institution, 
Harvard  university,  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Wash- 
ington Irving  high  school.  International  congress  of 
criminology,  Associated  press,  Typographical  union  no. 
i6,  New  York,  New  Haven  and  Hartford  railroad,  Mac- 
millan   company,    Salvation    army;    but    Knights    Templar. 

Theological  terms 

Do  not  capitalize  day  of  judgment,  eucharist,  heaven,  hell, 
holy  communion,  paradise,  purgatory. 


CAPITALIZATION  39 

Titles  of  address 
Capitalize  titles  of  address,  whether  written  in  full  or  ab- 
breviated, except  in  German  and  the  Scandinavian  lan- 
guages: Monsieur,  Madame,  Signor,  Seiior,  Don,  Donna, 
Mrs  ,  Mile  ,  but  herr,  froken,  fru,  jomfru. 


Titles  of  books  and  periodicals 

Capitalize  names  of  serials,  disregarding  the  initial  article  in 
straight  reading  matter :  American  Review  of  Reviews,  New 
York  Times,  the  Century.  Capitalize  the  word  Magazine  if 
it  is  part  of  the  name,  as  Popular  Magazine.  But  in  biblio- 
graphical references  capitalize  first  word  only:  Review 
of  reviews,  New  York  times.  Do  not  use  italics  or 
quotation  marks. 

Names  of  books  in  straight  text  mattter,  notes  or  credits 
and  citations  should  be  capitalized  and  put  in  quotation 
marks,  without  italics.  In  the  case  of  titles  of  articles 
from  periodicals,  capitalize  the  first  word  only.  Do  not 
capitalize  titles  (except  the  first  word)  in  bibliographical 
references. 


Titles  of  honor 

In  English  and  Dutch,  capitalize  titles  of  honor  and  dis- 
tinction immediately  preceding  a  person's  name.  With 
exception  of  "Saint"  they  are  not  to  be  capitalized  when 
placed  after  the  name.  In  French,  German,  Italian, 
Spanish,  and  the  Scandinavian  languages  such  titles  are 
to  begin  with  a  small  letter  whether  they  precede  or  fol- 
low the  name:  Saint  Luke,  King  Edward,  President  Wil- 
son, Earl  Spencer,  Lieutenant-General  Grant,  Bishop  of 
Albany,  Kolonel  Sloterdijk,  Catherine,  Saint,  of  Alex- 
andria; John  Stanley,  earl  of  Derby,  Edward,  prince 
of  Wales,  sainte  Brigitte,  le  due  de  Guise,  I'abate  An- 
tonio Coppi,  Otto  furst  von  Bismarck.  Such  titles  when 
used  in  a  general  sense  and  not  in  place  of  the  name  of 
a  specific  person  should  not  be  capitalized:  as  president 
of  the  United  States,  pope  of  Rome.  Do  not  capitalize 
his  majesty,  his  holiness,  etc. 


CAPITALIZATION  41 

Von  and  Van 

Lower  case  "von"  in  German  names  and  "van"  in  Dutch 
names:  Hugo  von  Martins,  Ludwig  van  Beethoven;  but 
capitalize  "Van"  in  anglicized  Dutch  names:  Stephen 
Van  Rensselaer. 

Wars,  Names  of 

Capitalize  the  first  word  in  names  of  wars:  Thirty  years' 
war,  Revolutionary  war,  War  of  independence  (Ameri- 
can), War  of  1812,  Civil  war  (American),  Great  war, 
World  war. 


COMPOUND  WORDS 
Adjectives 

Hyphenate  two  or  more  words  (except  proper  names 
forming  a  unity  in  themselves)  combined  into  one  adjective 
preceding  a  noun,   as:  eight-hour  day,  coal-tar  colors. 

See  also  Compounds  under  the  general  section  Capitali- 
zation. 

Book,  house,  mill,  etc. 

As  a  general  rule,  compounds  of  "book,"  "house,"  "mill," 
"room,"  "shop,"  and  "work"  should  be  printed  as  one  compact 
word,  without  a  hyphen,  but  should  be  printed  as  two  separ- 
ate words  when  the  first  word  contains  two  syllables  or  more; 
as  handbook,  schoolbook,  notebook,  textbook;  pocket  book, 
story  book,  reference  book. 

Nouns 

Omit  the  hyphen  whenever  possible,  giving  preference, 
whenever  authority  can  be  found,  to  the  one  word. 

Examples:  Compound  nouns  written  as  one  word  or  two: 

One  word 

airship  brickmaking 

baseball  bulkhead 

battleship  corncob 

blueprint  eyestrain 


COMPOUND  WORDS 


43 


farmhouse 

fluorspar 

flytrap 

flywheel 

folklore 

foreman 

hairdressing 

handbook 

horsepower 

hummingbird 

intake 

ironwork 

lifeboat 

manhole 

nasopharynx 

Neoplatonism 

popcorn 


One  word 

proofreading 

railroad 

rainfall 

schoolhouse 

searchlight 

serumtherapy 

spillw-ay 

standpipe 

steamboat 

teamwork 

textbook 

turntable 

wallboard 

warship 

washout 

waterworks 


Two  words 


air  chamber 
balance  wheel 
ball  bearing 
camp  fire 
cast  iron 
coal  dust 
double  track 
dust  guard 
friction  clutch 
gas  engine 
job  work 
machine  shop 
metal  work 


mid  air 
motor  car 
oil  cup 
pig  iron 
power  plant 
pressure  gage 
safety  valve 
sheet  iron 
steam  pipe 
store  room 
surface  elevation 
trade  mark 


Semi,  demi,  tri,  bi 

"Semi,"  "demi,"  "bi,"  "tri,**  etc.,  do  not  ordinarily  demand 
a  hyphen,  as:  semiannual,  demigod,  biweekly,  bichromate,  bi- 
metallist. 


COMPOUND  WORDS  45 

Today,  viewpoint,  etc. 

Omit  the  hyphen  from  "today,"  "tomorrow,"  "tonight," 
viewpoint,"  "standpoint" 

When  in  doubt 

Consulj  Webster's  Dictionary,  Government  Style  Book, 
and  A.L.A.  List  of  Subject  Headings. 


DIVISION  OF  WORDS 

The  unnecessary  division  of  a  word  should  always  be  avoided. 
The  whole  word  should  be  carried  over  whenever  possible. 

More  than  two  divisions  in  successive  lines  should  be 
avoided.  Never  in  any  case  allow  more  than  three  to  follow 
one  another. 

A  division  at  the  end  of  the  last  full  line  of  a  paragraph 
must  be  avoided. 

A  divided  word  that  will  appear  on  the  last  line  of  one 
page  and  the  top  line  of  the  next  page  is  to  be  avoided. 

A  word  should  be  divided  in  accordance  with  its  natural 
division  in  correct  pronunciation,  rather  than  according  to 
derivation :  e.g.  knowl-edge,  not  know-ledge ;  but  divide  accord- 
ing to  meaning  and  derivation  as  far  as  is  compatible  with  good 
spacing  and  pronunciation :  e.g.,  dis-pleasure,  not  displeas-ure. 

Follow  the  Standard  dictionary  (not  Webster)  for  syllabi- 
cation, except  in  cases  where  its  practice  conflicts  with  the  fol- 
lowing rules.  Divisions  should  not  be  changed  after  they  are 
set,  if  there  is  any  dictionary  authority  for  them. 


The  letters  c  and  g  must  never  be  separated  from  the 
vowels  e,  i,  and  y  upon  which  their  soft  sound  depends:  e.g. 
re-Ii-gion,  ca-pa-ci-ty,  etc. 

Compound  words 

In  compound  words  additional  hyphens  should  be 
avoided:  e.g.  music-lesson,  not  music-les-son. 


DIVISION    OF    WORDS  47 

Consonants 

A  single  consonant  between  two  vowels  should  be  joined 
with  the  first  vowel  if  short,  but  with  the  latter  if  long:  e.g. 
riv-er,  ri-val ;  but  avoid  dividing  words  as  short  as  these  if 
possible. 

When  two  consonants  come  together  between  two  vowels 
the  consonants  should  be  divided :  e.g.  mil-Hon,  struc-ture. 

When  three  consonants  come  together  between  two  vow- 
els the  first  of  which  is  short,  the  division  comes  after  the 
first  consonant:  e.g.  han-dle,  chil-dren,  frus-trate,  etc. 

Divisional  marks 

Separating  a  divisional  mark  (a)  or  (b)  from  the  matter 
to  which  it  pertains  should  be  avoided. 

Figures 

An  amount  that  is  stated  in  figures  should  not  be  divided. 
Where  figures  are  connected  by  a  hyphen,  or  are  preceded 
by  the  word  No.,  as  No.  1-2,  the  group  should  not  be  divided. 


Foreign  languages 

German 

(From  Reglen  fiir  die  deutsche  Rechtschreibung.  Hrsg.  in  Auftrage  des 
Kgl.  Preussischen  Ministeriums  der  Unterrichts-Angelegenheiten.  Ber- 
lin,  1903.) 

When  words  consisting  of  several  syllables  have  to  be 
divided  the  main  rule  is  to  divide  according  to  slow  pro- 
nunciation, for  example:  Wor-ter-ver-zeich-nis,  Ge-schlech- 
ter,  Freun-des-treue,  Uber-lie-fe-rung. 

In  simple  (not  compound)  words,  a  single  consonant  is 
carried  over  to  the  next  line,  as  tre-ten,  na-hen.  Ch,  sch,  ph, 
th,  indicate  only  one  sound  and  are  never  separated,  for 
example:  Bii-cher,  So-phie,  ka-tholische.  X  and  z  are 
treated  like  simple  consonants,  for  example:  He-xe,  rei-zen. 

When  there  are  several  consonants  the  last  one  is  car- 
ried over  to  the  following  line.  Example:  An-ker,  Fin-ger, 
War-te,  Rit-ter,  Was-ser,  Knos-pe,  tap-fer,  kaemp-fen,  Ach- 
sel.  Only  st  will  always  remain  undivided.  Example  La-sten, 
Be-ste,  Ko-sten,  Klo-ster,  mei-ste. 


DIVISION    OF   WORDS  49 

In  simple  foreign  words  the  phonetic  combinations  of 
b,  P,  d,  t,  g,  k,  with  1  and  r  are,  as  a  rule,  carried  over  to 
the  next  line.     Example:  Bi-bliothek  Fu-blikum,  Me-trum. 

Compound  words  are  separated  according  to  their  ele- 
ments, and  the  elements  are  divided  in  the  same  way  as  the 
simple  words.  Example:  Diens-tag,  Bau-auf-se-her,  and  Emp- 
fangs-an-zei-ge.  This  rule  is  applied  irrespective  of  the 
pronunciation  of  the  words.  Example:  war-um,  her-ein,  hin- 
aus,  voll-en-den,  be-ob-achten. 

Foreign  compound  words  are  treated  in  the  same  way 
as  such  German  words.  Example:  Atmo-sphaere,  Mikro- 
skop,   Inter-esse. 

If  the  elements  of  the  foreign  words  are  unknown,  fol- 
low the  rule  given  above  for  simple  words. 

French 

(From   Whitney's   French    Grammar.) 

A  single  consonant  between  vowels  always  belongs  to 
the  following  vowel.  Thus,  fi-ni,  ai-me-rai,  de-cou-ra-ger, 
ge-ne-reu-se-ment,   i-ni-mi-ta-bi-li-te. 

Also  two  consonants,  if  they  are  such  as  may  begin  a 
French  word,  belong  to  the  following  vowel.  Thus,  a-pres, 
re-gler,  a-bri,  e-clos,  a-droit,  tre-fle,  ou-tre,  ou-vris.  Such 
groups  have  1  or  r  as  their  final  member;  they  are,  br,  bl,  cr, 
cl,  dr,  fr,  fl,  gr,  pr,  pi,  tr,  vr.  . 

A  consonant  digraph,  or  group  of  two  consonants  rep- 
resenting a  single  sound,  is  treated  as  if  one  consonant  only; 
such  are  ch,  ph,  th,  gn.  Thus,  a-che-ter,  pa-the-ti-que,  a- 
gneau. 

Other  groups  of  two  consonants  are  divided,  the  formef 
consonant  going  to  the  preceding  vowel,  the  latter  to  the 
following  vowel:  Thus,  al-ler,  frap-per,  in-su,  es-pe-rance, 
and  ad-mi-ra-ble. 

Groups  of  three  or  more  consonants  follow  the  same 
principles   of  division.     Thus,   com-bler,   per-dre,   in-stant. 

A  few  exceptional  cases  occur:  x  belongs  to  the  preced- 
ing vowel,  as  ex-ample;  n  and  h  (in  words  of  compound 
origin)   are  divided,  tho  the  h  is   silent,  as  bon-heur. 


DIVISION   OF  WORDS  51 

Italian 

(From   F.  P.   Schulze's   "Hjaelpebog  for  Vaerks-og  Avis-Saettere.'* 
Kristiania   1903.) 

In  Italian,  consonants  can  be  separated  with  the  excep- 
tion of  ch,  gh,  and  gl.  Division  can  be  made  after  any  vowel 
followed  by  a  consonant.  Two  vowels  are  not  to  be  divided, 
in  spite  of  the  fact  that  they  belong  to  separate  syllables 
and  are  pronounced  separately.  Buonarotti,  for  example,  is 
not  divided  Bu-onarotti,  but  Buo-narotti;  it  is  not  Castigli- 
one,  but  Casti-glione.  St.  is  separated,  as,  for  example,  res-ta, 
cas-tigli. 

Spanish 

(From  "Manual  of  Style"  of  U.S.  Government  Printing  Office.) 

It  is  intended  that  all  syllables,  if  possible,  should  end 
with  a  vowel;  therefore,  a  single  consonant,  ch,  11,  rr,  and  n, 
occurring  between  vowels,  is  joined  to  the  vowel  following; 
as,  mo-ti-vo,  re-ba-iio,  mu-cha-cho,  ba-ta-lla,  ba-rre-iio,  ci- 
ga-rro. 

The  letters  1  and  r  when  preceded  by  any  consonant  ex- 
cept s  must  not  be  separated  from  the  consonant,  except 
when  uniting  parts  of  compound  words;  as,  ha-blar,  pu-drir. 
But  sub-lu-nar,  sub-ra-yar. 

Two  or  more  consonants  may  be  divided,  but  if  s  ap- 
pears between  two  consonants,  place  the  hyphen  after  it; 
as,  ab-sol-ver.     But  abs-te-ner. 

Do  not  separate  diphthongs  nor  triphthongs;  Apre-cia- 
cion,  es-tu-dian-te,  gra-cio-so,  pre-ciais,  etc. 

Do  not  divide  on  one  letter;  and  two-letter  divisions 
should  be  avoided,  if  possible. 

Latin 

(From  Allen   &  Greenough's  Latin  Grammar,   1894) 
Every  word  has  as  many  syllables,  as  it  has  vowels  or 
diphthongs.     A  single  consonant  between  two  vowels  is  to 
be  written  and  pronounced  wnth  the  second.     This  rule  ap- 
plies also  to  V  and  consonant  i. 


DIVISION   OF   WORDS  53 

This  rule  is  sometimes  extended  to  double  consonants 
or  any  combination  of  consonants  that  can  be  used  to  be- 
gin a  word,  as  ho-spes,  ma-gnus,  di-xit. 

In  compounds  the  parts  should  be  separated,  as,  ab-est, 
ob-latus. 

leal 

Adjectives  ending  in  -ical  should  be  divided  upon  the 
i :  e.g.  musi-cal  not  music-al  or  mu-sical. 

Ing,  en,  ed,  er,  est  &c 

When  used  as  terminations,  ing,  en,  ed,  er,  est,  and  the 
plural  es  are  considered  as  syllables,  except  when  the  preceding 
consonant  is  doubled,  or  when  they  follow  c  or  g  soft :  e.g. 
speak-ing,  tak-en,  long-er;  but  lat-ter,  for-cing,  ran-ging. 

Initials 

The  separation  of  two  initials  of  a  person's  name  or 
such  combination  as   B.C.  A.M.  should  be  avoided. 

Past  tense 

A  word  in  the  past  tense  pronounced  as  one  syllable 
should  not  be  divided :  e.g.  beamed. 

Prefixes,  roots,  etc. 

Keep  prefixes,  roots,  suffixes,  etc.,  as  distinct  as  possible. 

Tion,  sion,  etc. 

The  terminations  tion,  sion,  tial,  cial,  tive,  etc.,  are  treated 
as  one  syllable. 

Two-letter  divisions 

Two-letter  divisions  must  always  be  avoided.  These 
words  should  never  be  divided :  eleven,  heaven,  power,  faster, 
finer,  houses,  given,  flower,  prayer,  soften,  liken,  verses,  listen, 
often,  voyage,  nothing,  even,  etc. 


DIVISION   OF   WORDS  55 

Vowels 

Whenever  practicable,  and  always  when  the  pronunci- 
ation of  a  word  is  peculiar,  the  division  should  come  upon  the 
vowel :  e.g.  pro-duct,  colo-nel,  sepa-rate,  peo-ple,  pro-gress. 

Exceptions :  words  ending  in  able  and  ible,  which  should 
carry  the  vowel  over  into  the  next  line. 

Word  of  four  letters 

A  word  of  four  letters  is  not  divisible.  Dividing  words 
of  five  or  six  letters  should  be  avoided  if  possible. 

"x,"  "j"  and  "q" 

X  must  never  begin  a  syllable,  j  must  never  end  one,  and 
q  must  not  be  separated  from  u,  which  invariably  follows  it. 

FOOTNOTES 

Use  superior  figures  for  footnote  references.  No  space 
before  them  in  the  text;  but  a  thin  space  following  in  the 
footnote  itself.  In  footnotes  to  tables  use  superior  letters  for 
references,  and  let  the  footnotes  follow  immediately  after  the 
table.  In  other  cases  put  footnote  at  bottom  of  page  to  which 
it  belongs,  but  measure  in  page  length. 

Begin  separate  numbering  for  footnotes  on  each  new 
page,  i.e.,  the  first  footnote  on  each  page  should  be  num- 
bered *,  the  second  ^  etc. 

Always  have  footnotes  solid.  In  lo  point  and  8  point  use 
6  point  for  footnotes.    In  6  point  use  5  point. 

Separate  footnotes  from  text  by  three  leads ;  do  not  use  dash. 

Footnotes  should  always  be  paragraphed,  unless  there  is 
only  one  short  line,  when  it  should  be  centered. 


GEOGRAPHIC  NAMES 

Authorities: 

U.S.  Geographic  Board. 

U.S.  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology  for  Indian  names. 
Jour.  Geog.  13:110-11   D  '14:  List  of  unfamiliar  names  in 
geography  of  Europe  both  in  vernacular  and  English,  with 
locality. 


GEOGRAPHIC  NAMES  57 

English  form  preferred 

When  both  English  and  vernacular  forms  are  used  for 
foreign  place  names  choose  English  form  (contrary  to  A.L.A. 
rule  130;  but  more  convenient  for  majority  of  users). 

Names  changed  by  war 

Use  Petrograd  in  place  of  St  Petersburg,  Strasbourg,  not 
Strassburg. 

State  names  after  cities 

Omit  name  of  state  after  that  of  the  following  cities,  to 
save  time,  space,  and  type: 

Baltimore  Cincinnati  Philadelphia 

Berlin  London  Rome 

Boston  New  York  St    Louis 

Chicago  Paris  San  Francisco 

But  always  use  state  with  name  of  small  city  or  town,  and 
when  places  in  different  states  have  same  name  i.e.,  Paris, 
Maine ;  Springfield,  Massachusetts,  Springfield,  Illinois ;  Cam- 
bridge. England.  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 


ITALICS 
Avoid  the  use  of  italics  wherever  possible. 

Books,  plays,  paintings,  etc. 

Names  of  books,  plays,  paintings,  steamships,  etc.,  should 
be  in  roman  type  capitalized  and,  except  in  bibliographical 
references,  with  quotation  marks. 

Continued  heads 

Italicize  "continued"  in  running  heads  and  at  top  of 
pages. 

Cross  references 

See,  See  also  are  italic  when  introducing  a  paragraph  of 
cross   references:   elsewhere   roman. 


ITALICS  59 

Foreign  words  and  phrases 

Foreign  words  and  phrases  that  have  become  anglicized 
are  in  roman;  otherwise  in  italics. 

Mathematical  formulae 

Italicize  letters  in  mathematical  formulae. 

Periodicals,  Names  of 

Names  of  periodicals  should  be  in  roman,  not  quoted, 
but  capitalized.  When  the  name  of  a  periodical  appears  in 
its  own  columns,  it  should  be  spaced. 

Sources  for  citations 

Italicize  the  source  when  it  directly  follows  the  citation; 
separate  by  dash. 

Sub-divisions 

Italicize  letters  used  as  subdivisions:   (a)    (b)  a;  h. 


MAKE-UP 

First  page,  and  pages  having  no  running  head  are  to  be 
sunk  three  picas  below  first  reading  line  of  page. 

One  pica  should  follow  running  head. 

Continued  lines  are  used  on  first  column  of  left  hand 
page  only,  except  in  the  annual  cumulations  where  continued 
lines  should  be  run  on  the  first  column  of  the  right  hand 
page  also. 

Items  of  four  lines  or  more  may  be  broken  from  one 
column  to  another,  and  from  one  page  to  another  if  neces- 
sary. But  do  not  break  entry  from  an  odd  page  to  an  even 
page  if  it  can  possibly  be  avoided. 

No  column  or  page  should  start  with  last  line  of  a  para- 
graph, nor  end  with  the  first  line  of  a  paragraph  in  biblio- 
graphic items. 

Avoid  beginning  a  column  with  a  subhead  where  there 
is  no  continued  head;  or  with  a  line  beginning  with  a  dash. 


MAKE-UP  6i 

Leading 

In  monthly  numbers  of  Cumulative  Book  Index,  Guide, 
International  Index,  Industrial  Arts,  Agricultural  Index  and 
P.A.I.S.  put  one  lead  between  two  foldface  lines  coming 
together;  two  leads  before  center  heads,  one  lead  after  center 
heads,  one  lead  before  a  subject  heading  followed  by  or  pre- 
ceded by  centered  subhead. 

Do  not  use  leads  elsewhere,  except  to  balance  columns. 
If  leads  are  necessary  to  balance  columns,  put  one  lead  before 
boldface  headings,  or  additional  leads  before  center  heads. 

In  annual  cumulations  of  the  bibliographical  publications 
put  one  lead  before  every  boldface  line;  two  leads  before  cen- 
ter heads;  one  lead  after  center  heads;  omit  leads  before  title 
entries,  unless  two  boldface  lines  come  together.  (A  title 
entry  has  the  first  word  only  in  boldface.  It  is  to  be  dis- 
tinguished from  a  cross-reference  by  the  fact  that  it  does 
not  contain  "See"  or  "See  also.") 

Never  put  a  lead  before  a  boldface  line  beginning  with  a 
dash. 

Explanatory  matter  in  smaller  type  is  never  to  be  sepa- 
rated by  a  lead  from  the  matter  to  which  it  belongs. 

Do  not  use  cardboards  or  leads  in  unleaded  matter  to  make 
up  a  space. 

In  handbooks  or  other  bookwork,  let  pages  go  short, 
if  necessary,  indicating  same  on  proof. 

In  Digest  put  three  leads  before  each  author's  name;  one 
lead  after  hanging  indented  paragraph,  and  one  lead  after 
each  boldface  credit  line.  Never  break  column  after  hanging- 
indented  paragraph,  nor  separate  credit  line  from  matter  to 
which  it  belongs. 


NUMERALS 

Cardinal  numbers  less  than  lOo  and  ordinal  numbers  less 
than  thirteen  are  to  be  spelled  oiil,  except  in  bibliographical 
references  and  when  used  in  groups  of  three  or  more  sets  of 
figures  of  statistical  nature. 

Spell  out  indefinite  amounts  and  round  numbers. 

Spell  out  eighteenth  century,  etc.,  unless  title  is  reproduced 
verb,  et  lit. 


NUMERALS  63 

In  everything  except  bibliographical  references  and 
formal  lists  spell  out  numbered  streets,  precincts,  etc. 

Citations 

In  Scripture  citations  and  references  to  plays,  etc.,  use  arabic 
numerals  only,  using  the  comma  to  indicate  subdivisions:  as, 
Gen.  I,  3;  Julius  Caesar  i,  3,  5. 

Comma,  Use  of 

Use  a  comma  in  all  figures  of  four  or  more  numbers  ex- 
cept dates  and  folios. 

Dates 

In  dates  use  January  20,  1914;  not  20th  January  or  January 
20th;  but  20th  of  January. 

Decimals  and  fractions 

Use  figures  for  numbers  containing  decimals  or  fractions. 

Money,  dimensions  and  measures 

Always  use  figures  for  sums  of  money,  dimensions,  measures, 
etc. 

Per  cent 

Use  figures  with  per  cent.  Do  not  use  %  symbol  except 
in  tables.    No  period  after  per  cent. 

Roman  numerals 

Do  not  use  period  after  roman  numerals. 

Sentences,  Beginning  of 

Never  begin  a  sentence  with  figures,  except  in  collations 
and  bibliographical  references. 

Time  of  day 

Use  figures  for  time  of  day  followed  by  a.m.  and  p.m.,  as 
1:30  p.m.,  but  one  o'clock. 


6s 

PAGING,  DATE  AND  VOLUME  REFERENCES 

In  magazine  references,  use  inclusive  paging  except  in 
case  of  an  article  of  two  pages  where  only  a  small  portion  of 
the  article  appears  on  the  second  page;  in  this  case  the  num- 
ber of  the  first  page  only  is  given.  In  printing  paging  avoid 
unnecessary  repetition,  as:  321-5;  but  repeat  units  under  20, 

as:  311-15- 

Independent  monographs  or  those  with  complicated  pag- 
ing, indexed  chiefly  in  the  International  Index,  should  be 
paged  thus:  i6op,  not  p  1-160.  Government  serials  such  as 
the  Farmer's  Bulletins,  and  Circulars  of  the  Bureau  of  Stand- 
ards should  be  paged  as  formerly,  e.g.,  100:1-160. 

When  paging  is  scattered,  give  inclusive  paging  for  the 
first  group  of  consecutive  pages,  followed  by  +  if  page 
containing  the  remainder  of  the  article  is  in  the  advertising 
section,  or  by  the  page  number  if  the  page  is  in  the  body 
of  the  magazine.  Exception:  When  the  article  is  continued 
on  parts  of  two  or  more  pages,  do  not  indicate  extra  pages  at 
all  unless  the  matter  altogether  equals  or  exceeds  one  page. 
When  there  are  two  or  more  parts,  put  number  of  part  after 
volume  number,  without  punctuation,  v  2  pt  3;  or  in  peri- 
odical references,  2  pt  1:46-9. 

W^hen  the  date  of  a  magazine  bears  the  name  of  two  or 
more  consecutive  months,  use  abbreviations  for  first  one  only 
in  the  collation.     Ex.  January-February.  Ja.  not  Ja.-F. 


PERSONAL  NAMES 

It  is  the  practice  in  the  Cumulative  Book  Index  and  Book 
Review  Digest,  when  authors  do  not  use  their  full  names, 
to  enter  under  the  form  commonly  used,  followed  by  full 
name,  e.g.  Bennett,  Arnold  i.e.  Enoch  Arnold;  not  Ben- 
nett, (Enoch)  Arnold  or  Bennett,  Enoch  Arnold;  but  with  a 
cross  reference  from  Bennett,  Enoch  Arnold. 

In  the  periodical  indexes,  the  practice  is  to  put  the  entry 
under  the  form  of  name  commonly  used.  In  the  case  of 
authors  who  are  not  consistent  in  the  number  of  forenames 
they  use,  the  entry  is  put  under  the  most  complete  form 
used. 


PERSONAL    NAMES  67 

In  abbreviating  middle  names  beginning  with  St  or  De, 
use  St  or  De  followed  by  initial  of  following  words,  with  thin 
space  only  between,  i.e.  John  St  John  Hill  —  ] :  St  J.  Hill.  For 
middle  names  beginning  with  "Mc,"  "O"'  or  "Van,"  use  ini- 
tial only. 

In  case  of  diversity  of  spelling  of  proper  names,  agree  on 
one  form  for  all  publications. 

See  also  Titles  of  honor. 

All  cases  of  doubt  in  regard  to  personal  names  shall  be 
referred  to  a.  standing  committee  composed  of  the  editors 
of  the  Cumulative  Book  Index,  Book  Review  Digest  and  the 
Readers'  Guide. 


Foreign  and  anglicized  names 

Enter  surnames  with  prefixes  under  the  part  following 
the  prefix,  except  (a)  in  English,  (b)  in  French  when  the 
prefix  consists  of  or  contains  an  article;  (c)  in  Italian  or 
Spanish  when  the  prefix  consists  only  of  an  article;  (d) 
when  the  prefix  and  name  are  written  as  one  word.  Nat- 
uralized names  with  prefixes  should  be  treated  according  to 
the  rules  for  the  language  adopted. 

Write  out  the  German  prefix  von,  not  v. 

In  the  case  of  Russian  names  transliterated  use  v  in 
place  of  ff  at  the  end  of  the  word.  In  general,  in  transliter- 
ating Russian  names  follow  Library  of  Congress  rules  as 
given  on  p  73  of  the  A.L.A,  catalog  rules,  but  use  discre- 
tion in  the  use  of  such  well-known  names  as  Tchaikowsky, 
not  Chaikovski;  Gorky,  nor  Gorkii.  As  a  rule,  however,  Ch 
not  Teh  should  be  used  in  Russian  names.  In  case  of  doubt 
refer  to  the  committee  on  names. 

In  the  case  of  historical  personages  or  characters  with  no 
surname,  enter  under  English  rather  than  vernacular  form,  with 
cross  reference  from  vernacular,  i.e.  Joan  of  Arc,  with  reference 
from  Jeanne  d'Arc.  This  applies  also  to  sovereigns  and 
popes. 


PERSONAL   NAMES  69 

Married  women 

When  the  husband  is  well  known  give  his  name  in  paren- 
thesis after  the  name  of  the  wife,  i.e.  Cotes,  Sara  Jeannette 
(Duncan)  (Mrs  Everard  Cotes);  make  a  reference  from  hus- 
band's name,  preceded  by  Mrs. 

Real  names  and  pseudonyms 

As  a  general  rule  enter  under  the  real  name. 

Any  publication  using  a  name  for  the  first  time  shall  use 
real  name  unless  our  office  practice  is  divided  or  there  is  very 
strong  reason  for  using  pseudonym.  These  exceptional  cases 
shall  be  referred  to  the  standing  committee  on  names. 

Any  new  name  coming  up  for  the  first  time  in  this  office 
shall  be  entered  under  real  name  if  the  standard  reference  books 
give  real  name  or  the  publisher  or  magazine  in  question  an- 
nounces real  name. 

Any  publication  desiring  to  change  from  its  former  use  of 
name  shall  consult  the  standing  committee  on  names. 

A  change  from  pseudonym  to  real  name  should  not  be  made 
upon  first  bit  of  information,  but  only  after  satisfactory  evi- 
dence has  been  obtained. 

Any  author  writing  under  both  his  real  name  and  pseu- 
donj^m  shall  be  entered  under  his  real  name. 

PUNCTUATION 

Avoid  double  punctuation  when  possible,  i.e.,  do  not 
follow  colon  by  dash;  avoid  comma  after  period  following 
abbreviation  when  the  meaning  is  clear  without  it. 

Punctuate  Publishers'  directories  and  Lists  of  periodicals 
as  follows: 
Heath.    D.   C.   Heath   &   Co.,   50  Beacon   St,   Boston;   231   W 

39th  St,  N.  Y.;  623  S  Wabash  Av,  Chicago 
Dial— Dial.   $5.     The  Dial   Pub.   Co.,   152  W   13th   St,   New 

York 

Colon 

Use  colon  between  hours  and  ^^^inutes  in  indicating  time; 
as  1:30  p.m. 

Use  colon  to  separate  volume  number  from  inclusive  pag- 
ing in  periodical  entries. 


PUNCTUATION  ^\ 

Comma 

Use  comma  before  etc.  as,  Liberty,  equality,  fraternity, 
etc. 

Omit  comma  after  etc.,  e.g.,  viz,  and  similar  expressions 
when  reading  matter  follows. 

Use  comma  before  and  when  two  titles  are  joined;  as, 
Castle  Rackrent,  and  The  absentee. 


Dash 

Use  a  dash  to  separate  the  word  Bible  from  subdivisions 
following;  also  between  the  name  of  certain  classic  authors 
and  the  title  of  the  individual  work;  as  Bible — New  Testa- 
ment— Matthew;  Shakespeare,  William — Single  plays — Mac- 
beth. 

Do  not  begin  a  line  with  a  dash,  unless  unavoidable. 


Leaders 

Use  three  periods  only,  separated  by  en-space.     Do  not 
add  fourth  period  for  full  stop  at  the  end  of  a  sentence. 


Parentheses  and  brackets 

Reserve  brackets  for  enclosing  matter  interpolated  in  a 
quotation,  to  supply  an  omission  and  for  parentheses  within 
parentheses;  in  all  other  cases  use  parentheses. 

In  case  of  both  brackets  and  parentheses  if  the  expres- 
sion enclosed  is  complete  in  itself,  punctuation  should  follow 
inside  the  brackets  or  parentheses. 

Use  parentheses  always  to  enclose  a  series  note. 

Use  parentheses  to  enclose  (city)  and  (state)  used  to 
distinguish  names  of  a  city  and  state  when  they  are  identical, 
e.g.  New  York  (city)  Washington  (state)  university. 

Use  parentheses  to  indicate  the  maiden  names  of  married 
women. 

In  straight  reading  matter,  when  a  city  with  a  state  fol- 
lowing is  used  adjectively,  put  state  in  parentheses:  as  De- 
troit (Mich.)   City  Council. 


PUNCTUATION  n 

Period 

In  bibliographical  entries  use  periods  after  name  of  au- 
thor and  title  but  omit  them  in  the  collation;  as,  Native 
American.  J.  G.  Cannon,  il  Ind  112:787-8  Ap  5  '16;  Coester, 
A.  L.  Literary  history  of  Spanish  America  I50p  $2.50  '16  Mac- 
millan.  Exceptions:  In  Handbooks  and  Study  Outlines  use 
periods  in  collation. 

See  also  Abbreviations. 

Quotation  marks 

Use  quotes  around  book  titles  in  straight  text  matter,  in 
notes  and  in  credits  or  citations;  never  in  bibliographical  en- 
tries. 

Do  not  use  quotes  in  magazine  titles. 

The  period  and  comma  are  placed  inside  of  quotation 
marks  always ;  the  colon,  semicolon,  question  mark  and  ex- 
clamation mark  are  placed  inside  if  they  are  part  of  the  quo- 
tation only,  but  outside  if  they  belong  to  the  entire  sentence. 

Semicolon 

In  case  of  titles  having  two  or  more  clauses  of  equal  rank 
not  connected  by  conjunctions,  separate  the  clauses  by  semi- 
colons, regardless  of  the  punctuation  used  in  the  original 
source. 

Use  semicolons  before  phrases  supplementary  to  the  ti- 
tle; as  In  the  home  stretch;  poem. 

Use  semicolons  after  the  first  title  in  case  of  alternate 
titles;  as  Levana;  or,  The  doctrine  of  education. 

Use  semicolon  before  "edited  by,"  "translated  by,"  "il- 
lustrated by,"  etc.  as  Moated  houses;  il.  by  H.  Railton. 

Use  semicolons  to  separate  items  of  contents. 


QUOTED  MATTER 

When  a  complete  paragraph  is  quoted,  set  in  next  smaller 
size  type,  without  quotation  marks,  if  text  is  in  type  sizes  larger 
than  6  point.  In  6  point  leaded  set  quotations  6  point  solid.  In 
6  point  solid  use  quotation  marks  at  the  beginning  of  each 
quoted  paragraph. 


75 
*      SPACING,  INDENTIONS,  ETC. 

Except  in  collations  always  use  an  em  quad  to  separate 
sentences. 

Use  an  en  quad  after  semicolons  and  colons. 

I  2  (a)   (b)  a  b  m  subdivisions,  follow  by  en  quad,  not  em. 

Avoid  wide  spacing,  except  where  a  bad  division  would 
result. 

Indent  paragraphs  i  em  in  measure  up  to  20  ems;  lyz  ems 
20  to  25 ;  2  ems  wider  measure. 

Always  use  a  thin  space  after  dash  indicating  omission  of 
a  complete  word. 

Do  not  use  space  between  x  and  figures :  10x12  in. 

SPELLING 

Follow  usually  the  preferred  spelling  given  in  Webster's 
unabridged. 

See  also  Accents,  diphthongs,  etc..  Compound  words. 

iE,  oe,  etc. 

Use  e  instead  of  ae  or  ce  in  such  words  as  archeology, 
esthetics,  homeopathic,  orthopedia,  etc. 

Afterward,  etc. 

afterward,  forward,  toward,  etc.,  no  s. 

Beside  and  besides 

Beside=by  the  side 
Besides  =  in  addition  to 

Canyon — not  cafion. 

Catalog,  etc. 

Use  catalog,  decalog,  dialog,  monolog,  prolog,  pedagog 

Center,  etc. 

Use  center,  meter,  theater,  etc. — not  centre,  metre,  tli'-a 
tre,  etc. 


SPELLING 


n 


Chemical  terms 

In  chemical  terms  follow  rules  of  A.  C.  S ,  using  sulfur 
instead  of  sulphur;  chlorine,  bromine,  sulfide,  phenol,  glycol, 
etc.,  acetyl,  anyl,  ethyl,  etc. 

Coquet,  briquet,  etc. 

Use  coquet,  briquet,  epaulet,  etiquet,  omelet,  quartet,  quintet, 
septet,  sextet,  etc. 

Data,  contents 

Data — plural 

Contents — of  book,  singular 

Draft 

Use  draft,  not  draught 

Farther  and  further 

Farther  =  physical  distance 
Further  =  in  addition  to 

Figures  in  straight  text  matter 

Spell  out  all  figures  in  round  numbers,  also  all  figures 
of  four  digits  or  less  unless  they  are  odd  numbers  or  occur 
in  groups  of  three  or  more. 

Spell  out  figures  beginning  a  sentence;  if  this  is  awk- 
ward, rewrite  the  sentence. 

Exception:  In  case  of  percentages  use  figures  with  the 
word  per  cent. 


Ise  and  ize 

Following 

words  end  in 

ise,  all  others  ize: 

advertise 

compromise 

enfranchise 

manuprlse 

advise 

demise 

enterprise 

premise 

affranchise 

despise 

excise 

reprise 

apprise 

devise 

exercise 

revise 

arise 

disfranchise 

exorcise 

rise 

chastise 

disguise 

franchise 

supervise 

circumcise 

divertise 

improvise 

surmise 

comprise 

emprise 

incise 

surprise 

SPELLING  79 

Judgment,  etc. 

Drop  the  "e"  after  "dg"  in  such  words  as  abridgment, 
judgment,  acknowledgment. 

Miscellaneous 

Use  carbureter,  coconut,  dispatch,  gasoline,  gilds,  gipsies, 
gage,  dike,  molding,  envelop,  rime,  etc. 
Use  whisky,  not  whiskey. 
Use  cooperate,  not  co-operate  or  cooperate. 

Plural  of  foreign  words 

In  anglicized  foreign  words  always  use  English  plural  — 
except  in  data,  phenomena,  addenda,  memoranda,  as :  indexes, 
appendixes,  mediums,  seraphs,  formulas,  vortexes. 

Single  consonant 

Use  single  consonant  where  permissible,  as  skilful,  stenciling, 
etc. 

Thoro,  thru,  etc. 

Drop  ugh  in  thoro,  thoroly,  thru,  thruout,  altho. 


STATES,  NAMES  OF 

See   under   the    general    section    Abbreviations. 

TYPE 
See  under  the  general  sections  Boldface,  Italics. 

TITLES  OF  HONOR 

Omit  the  titles  D.D.,  M.D.,  Rev.  in  headings.  Enter 
bishops  by  family  name,  followed  by  the  word  bishop  if 
American,  and  by  bishop  of (name  of  see),  if  English. 

Give  foreign  titles  of  honor  in  the  vernacular,  i.e.  graf  not 
count. 


INDEX 

The  index  is  planned  to  be  used  as  a  guide  to  alphabeting,  capital- 
ization and  spelling.  For  that  reason  each  word  in  the  index  begins 
with  a  lower-case  letter  unless,  according  to  the  rules  of  the  Style  Book, 
It  should  be  capitalized. 


A.D.,  II 

a.m.,  63 

abbreviations,  3 

abridgment,    79 

academic    degrees    and    terms,    21 

acknowledgment,    79 

addenda,    79 

adjectives,  compound,  41;  ending  in 

-ical,   53;   proper,   35 
administrative  bodies,   31 
afterward,    75 

Agricultural     index,     19,     61 
Alexander    the    Great,    27 
alphabeting,    13,    19,   21,   23 
alternate    titles,    73 
altho,  79 

" — and    others,"    13 
anglicized   names,    67 
anglicized  words  and  phrases,  59,  79 
anonymous   books,    13,    21 
appendixes,    79 
Apocalypse,    23 
Apocrypha,  5,  23 
Apostles'    creed,    25 
apostrophe,    5 
arabic    numerals,    63 
arctic    regions,    31 
art    terms,    21 
articles,      19;     initial,     21,     39;     in 

proper    names,    67 
association,     17 
Associated   press,    37 
astronomical    bodies,   21 
Augsburg    confession,    25 
author,    17 

author  arrangement,    13 
avenues,    11;    names    of,    31 

B.C.,    II 

Back    Bay,    29,    31 

battle  of  Gettysburg,   33 

Beatitudes,   23 

Bennett,   Arnold,   65 

beside    and   besides,    75 

bi,  43 

Bible,   13,  23;  books  of,  5;  citations 

from,  63 
bibliographical  references,   19 
bills,   27 


bishops,    79 

Black  friars,  37 

Black   Hand,   27 

Black    Prince,    27 

boldface,    19,   21 

boldface    headings,    61 

Bolsheviki,    35 

bolshevism,   35 

book,  compounds  of,  41 

Book    review    digest,     19,     61,    65 

book    titles,    39,    57,    73 

books   of   Bible,    5 

Boston    Common,    27 

botanical    families,    names    of,    37 

brackets,    71 

briquet,   77 

buildings,   names   of,   23 

Bureau    of   standards,    circulars,    65 

c    (letter),   45 

canyon,   75 

capitalization,    7,    21 

carbureter,    79 

Castle    Garden,    23 

catalog,  75 

Celestial    Empire,    29 

center,    75 

Central  powers,  33 

Chancery    Lane,    31 

chemical   terms,    77 

Christendom,   23 

Christian,    25 

Christian    names,    5 

Christian  science,   25 

church    Fathers,    23 

Church    of    England,    23 

Church   of   the    Redeemer,   23 

churches,   23 

citations,   39,   63;   sources  for,  59 

cities,    state    names    after,    57 

Civil    war    (American),    41 

Civil   war  terms,    25 

Class  of  1907,  21 

coconut,    79 

Codex  alexandrinus,  33 

collation,    3,    7,    73 

collections,    13,    14 

colon,   69 

columns,    balancing,    61 


82 


INDEX 


comma,  71;  in  citations,  63;  in  fig 
ures,    63 

Commandments,  23 

committees,   25 

committee    on    names,    69 

commonwealth    (Cromwell's),    33 

commune    (Paris),    33 

compass   directions,    5 

compound  words,  19,  25,  41;  di- 
vision of,  45;  German,  49;  Latin, 
53;    Spanish,    51 

Confederate,    25 

Confederate    States    of   America,    29 

confessions    of    faith,    25 

Congress,    31;    sessions    of,    35 

consonant,   single,    79 

consonants,    47 

constitution,  27 

contents,    77;    items    of,    73 

continued  heads,   57,   59 

contractions,    5 

cooperate,     79 

coquet,     77 

Corn    laws,    27 

Court  of  Ayer  and  Terminer,   27 

Covent    Garden,    23,    27 

credits,   39 

creeds,    25 

cross   references,    57 

crusades,    33 

cubism,    21 

Cumulative   book   index,    19,    61,    65 

D.D.,    79 

Darning-needle    Street,   31 

dash,   71 

data,    77,    79 

dates,    63,    6s 

day   of  judgment,    37 

days   of   the   week,   27 

De,    67 

Death  valley,   31 

decalog,    75 

decimals,    63 

Declaration    of    independence,    27 

degrees,   7 

Deity,    27 

demi,    43 

Democrats,    35 

departments,    governmental,    31 

dervish,  25 

dialog,     75 

dike,   79 

dimensions,    63 

diphthongs,    75 

directions,    compass,    S 

dispatch,  79 

division  of  words,  3,  45 

divisional     marks,    47 

Dixie,    25 

documents,    27 

Dominicans,   37 

Dominion,    the,    31 

Douay,    23 

double   punctuation,  69 


Dr,    3,    II 
draft,    77 
Drury  Lane,  23 
Duma,    31 
Dutch  names,  41 

Easter,    33 

Eaton   Hall,  23 

East,    31 

East    side,    31 

Edict   of  Nantes,  27 

editor,   13 

educational    organizations,    37 

eighteenth   century,   61 

I'empire   du   Milieu,   31 

Empire   state,    31 

English   form   of   geographic   names, 

57 
English    personal    names,    67 
Entente,   33 
envelop,    79 
epaulet,    77 
Epicurean,   25 
epicurean    tastes,    35 
epithets,    27 
equator,   31 
etiquet,    77 
eucharist,    37 
European   war,    i9i4->   21 
excerpts,    13 
Explanatory    matter,    61 
explanatory  words,   27 
ex-President,   25 

fairyland,    27 

fanciful   names,    27 

Far    East,    31 

Farmers'  bulletins,  65 

farther,    77 

Fathers,  church,   23 

Fiction    catalogs,    19 

figures,    21,    47,    77  i    superior,    55 

firm  names,   7,  29 

Fleet    Street    (newspapers),    31 

footnotes,   55 

foreign    names,    67 

foreign    titles    of    honor,    79 

foreign    words;    plural    of,     79 

foreign    words    in    German,    49 

foreign  words  and  phrases,  59 

formulas,   79;   mathematical,   59 

forenames,    65 

forward,    75 

Fourteenth    amendment,    27 

Fourth    Gospel,    23 

Fourth    of    July,    33 

fractions,    63 

French    language   division   of  words, 

49 
French    names,    29,    67 
full    names,    65 
further,    77 

g  (letter),  45 
gage,  79 


INDEX 


83 


gasoline,  79 
gauge,  see  gage 
geographical   adjectives,    35 
geographical     names,      15,     29,     55; 

changed    by    war,    57 
geological  epochs,  31 
German  adjectives,  35 
German  language,  division  of  words 

47 
German  names,  41,  67 
German    nouns,    31 
German    titles    of    address,   39 
Gettysburg,  battle  of,  33 
gilds,    79 
gipsies,    79 
Gnosticism,    25 
government    bureaus,    17 
governmental    departments,     31 
government     serials,    65 
Great   Bear,   21 
Great   Lakes,   29 
Great  war,  41 
Greek  letter  societies,  33 
Grub  Street,  31 
guilds,    see    gilds 
gum    arable,    35 
gypsies,    see    gipsies 

Hague,    The,    21 

handbooks,  3,  61,  73 

Hawaiian    Islands,    29 

heads,  continued,  57,  59 

heaven,    37 

hell,  37 

his    majesty,    39 

historical    events    and    periods,    33 

historical    personages,   67 

historical   terms,    33 

holidays,    33 

Holy  alliance,   33 

Holy    City,    29 

holy  communion,  37 

Holy    Ghost,   27 

Holy  Land,  29 

Hotel    de  ville,   23 

Hottentots,    37 

house,  compounds  of,   41 

House  of  commons,  31 

House    of    representatives,    31 

husband's    name,    67 

hyphen,    41 

-ical,    adjectives    ending   in,    53 

Igorrotes,    37 

indentations,    75 

indexes,   79 

india  ink,  35 

Indians,    37 

Industrial    arts   index,    19,   61 

industrial    organizations,    37 

initials,    19;    separation    of,    53 

Inner    Temple,    27 

inquisition,    33 

International    index,    19,    61,    65 

inverted  headings,   17 


-ise  and  -ize,  77 

Italian  language,  division  of  words, 

51 
Italian  names,  67 
italics,    21,    57 
items   of   contents,   73 

j    (letter),    55 
Jesuits,    37 
Joan   of  Arc,   67 
joint  author,   13 
judgment,     79 
judiciary    bodies,    31 

Kafir,   37 

Keystone   state,    31 
Knights    Templar,    37 
Koran,  23 

Labor  day,   33 

languages,  names  of,   33 

Latin    language,    division    of   words, 

51 
leaders,    71 

leading,    61;    for    footnotes,    55 
legislative    bodies,    31 
lists  of  periodicals,   13,  69 
Little    entente,    33 
Logos,    the,    27 
Long   Island,    29 
Lord's    prayer,    23 
Louisiana  purchase,  33 

M.D.,    79 

M,  Mme,  Mille,   3 

Mc,  67 

Machiavellian   theories,   35 

magazine    references,    65 

Magna   charta,  27 

maiden    names,     71 

main   heads,   21 

Main   Street,    31 

make-up,  59 

manuscripts,     33 

married  women,  67,  71 

mathematical    formulas,    59 

measures,    weights   and,    11,   63 

mediums,    79 

memoranda,   79 

Messiah,   27 

meter,    75 

Methodism,    25 

Methodist  Episcopal  church,  25 

Metric   system,    1 1 

Middle   ages,    33 

Middle    kingdom,    31 

middle   names,    67 

Middle    West,    31 

military    titles,    1 1 

Milky   way,    21 

mill,   compounds   of,   41 

minor   prophets,    23 

Mr,    Mrs,    3,    11,    13,    19,    39 

molding,    79 

money,   7,  63 


84 


INDEX 


monographs,  65 

monolog,    75 

months,   7,  27,  65 

moulding,  see  molding 

names,  anglicized,  67;  Christian,  5; 
firm,  7;  foreign,  67;  geographical, 
15;  geographical  changed  by  war, 
57;  of  periodicals,  59;  personal, 
15,  65;  real,  69;  spelling  of,  67; 
standing  committee  on,  69;  of 
states,  9 

Neoplatonist,    25 

New  Year's   day,   33 

New  York,  19 

New   York    (city),    17 

newspapers,    titles   of,   39 

North,   31 

North    pole,    31 

Northwest   territory,    29 

notes,    39 

nouns,    compound,    41;    German,    31 

number  (abbreviation),   33 

numbered  streets,  precincts,  etc.,  63 

numbers  (numerals),  15;  (ordinals), 

7 
numerals,    15,    61 

Old    Glory,    z-j 
Old    Northwest,     31 
Old    Testament,    23 
omelet,   ^^ 
ordinals,    7,    35 
organizations,   37 
Orient,    31 
oriental,   31 

p.m.,   63 

paging,    65 

paintings,    names    of,    57 

Palatina,    la,    35 

paradise,    37 

parentheses,   71 

Park    Row,    31 

Parliament    (English),    31 

parts    (of   a   volume),    65 

past   tense,   53 

Passover,    33 

pastoral  epistles,    2Z 

Peace  of    Utrecht,   27 

pedagog,    75 

per  cent,    7,    63 

percentages,    ^^ 

period,    3,    7,    11,    73 

periodical   indexes,  65 

periodicals,    titles    of,    39,    59,    73 

personal  names,    15,  65;  foreign,  67 

Petrograd,  57 

phenomena,    79 

Philippine   Islands,    29 

philosophy,   schools   of,   23 

Pittsburgh  "Rules  for  Filing  Cards," 

13.     19 
place,  etc.,  15,  (country,  state,  city), 

17 


platonic,    25 

plays,    names    of,    57 

plurals,    7;    of    foreign   words,    79 

poems,    poetical  works,    13 

Pole,    the,    31 

political   divisions,   35 

political    parties,    35 

popes,   67 

post-impressionism,  21 

precincts,    63 

prefixes,    53;    (proper   names),   67 

Preraphaelitisra,    21 

President-elect,    25 

Pretender,    2^ 

Progressives,    35 

prolog,   75 

proper    adjectives,    35 

prophets,    23 

Protestant    Episcopal   church,    25 

Protestantism,    25 

"pseud.",   21 

pseudonyms,  69 

Public    affairs    information    service, 

61 
publishers'   directories,    13,   69 
punctuation,    69 
purgatory,    37 
puritanical,    25 

q   (letter),  55 
quartet,    ^^ 
quintet,    ^^ 
quotation   marks,   73 
quoted    matter,    35,     73;    interpola- 
tions,   71 

races,  37 

Readers'  guide,  19,  61 

real   names,   69 

Rebel,    25 

references,  cross,   57 

Reform  bill,  27 

reformation,    33 

regiments,   names   of,    35 

Reichstag,  31 

religious    orders,    37 

religious  organizations,   37 

renaissance,    33 

Republic   (U.S.),   31 

revolution    (French),    33 

Rev.,  79 

Revolutionary    war,    41 

rhyme,  see  rime 

Richard   the    Lion-hearted,   2J 

Riemannsch  oppervlak,  35 

rime,    70 

Roman  Catholic  church,  23 

roman    numerals,    35,    63 

roman   type,    19 

room,    compounds    of,    41 

roots,    53 

Roses    (English  history),    33 

Round  Table,  2y 

Roundheads,    33 

Russian    names,    6? 


INDEX 


85 


St,    Saint,    Sainte,    3,    9,    11,    39.   67 

Salvation   army,  25 

San    Diego,    15 

San    Francisco,    15 

Savior,  27 

Scandinavian   titles,    39 

scientific  names,  37 

"see"   references,   13,    21,   57 

"see    also"    references,    57 

selections,    13,     14 

semi,    43 

semicolon,  73 

sentences,  beginning  of,  63 

series    notes,    71 

Sermon    on    the   Mount,   23 

seraphs,    79 

sextet,   Ty 

Shakespeare,    17 

shop,    compounds    of,   41 

single  consonant,   79 

single    taxer,    35 

single  works,    13 

Sleepy    Hollow,    29 

societies,   37 

sources    for    citations,    59 

South,  31 

South    Sea    islands,   29 

southern  states,   31 

soviet,    35 

sovereigns,   7,  (>^ 

spacing,   75 

Spanish  language,  division  of  words, 

SI 
Spanish  Main,  29 
Spanish    names,    67 
species,   names   of,    37 
spelling,    75 

standing  committee   on  names,  69 
standpoint,    45 
Star    and    Garter    inn,    2^ 
state   names    after   cities,    57 
states,   names   of,   9;   following  city, 

used    adjectively,    71 
statistics,    61 

steamships,  names  of,   57 
Stoic,   25 
Strasbourg,  57 
streets,    abbreviations,     11;     names 

of,   31;   numbered,  63 
study    outlines,    3,    t*, 
subdivisions,    59 
subject,    17 
subject  entries,   21 
substitutes   for  names   of  places,   31 
successive    lines,    division   in,    45 
suffixes,  S3 
superior  figures,  55 
Supreme    court,    31 
syllables,    division    of,    45 
synoptic    gospels,    23 

talmudic,    23 
Tammany    Hall,    27 
Ten  commandments,  23 
tense,   past,   53 


terminations,  53 

terre  Jaune,  la,   31 

Thanksgiving    day,    33 

theater,     75 

theological  terms,   37 

thermometers,    1 1 

Theosophist,    25 

Thirty-nine    articles,    25 

Thirty    years    war,   41 

thoro,    79 

thru,    79 

time,    1 1 ;    indication   of,    69 

time   of   day,    63 

title,     17,     iq;    alternate,     73 

titles  of  books,  73;  and  periodicals, 

39 
titles   of  address,   39;   of  honor,    39, 

79;    military    and    civil,    11 
today,    45 
tomorrow,    45 
tonight,    45 
tour  des  ventes,  23 
toward,   75 
transatlantic,    25 
translations,     13,     19 
translator,    13 
trans-Siberian,   25 

transliteration  of  Russian  names,  Sj 
treaties,    27 
tri,   43 
tribes,    37 
Triple   alliance,    33 
two    letter    divisions,    53 
type,    boldface,    19;    italic,    57;    for 

footnotes,   55 

Union,  25,  31 

United    Kingdom,    29 

United    States,    11,    29 

U.S.    Department    of    state,    31 

Upanishad,    23 

Utopia,   zy 

van,    41 

Vaticana,    la,   35 

Vedas,    23 

vernacular      form      of      geographic 

names,   57 
viewpoint,    45 
Virgin  Islands,  29 
volume   number,   65 
von,    41,    dj 
vortexes,    79 
vowels,  55 
Vulgate,    23 

Vv'all    Street    (finance),    31 

War    of    18 12,    41 

War    of   independence    (American), 

41 
wars,  names  of,  41 
weights    and   measures,    11 
West,    31 

Western    hemisphere,    31 
Western    Reserve,   29 


INDEX 


Whigs,    35  World  war,  41 

whisky,    79  .  „    detter')     i;i; 

whisky  insurrection,  33  ^    <.ieuer^,  53 

White    House,    23  Yankees,   25 
women,   married,  67,  71 

words,   division  of,  45  zoological    names,    37 

work,   compounds   of,  41  Zulus,   37 


U.C   BERKELEY  LIBRARIES 


CD^7^^^3E^ 


